Romans 9-11 Supports Traditional "Moral Free Agency" of Human Beings
A coherent reading of Romans 9–11 can affirm that human beings are genuine free moral agents —persons capable of responding to God, resisting him, believing, disbelieving, obeying, and being held morally accountable—without weakening Paul's strong statements about God's sovereignty. The key is to ask what question Paul is answering in Romans 9. He is not beginning with, “Why has God eternally chosen some individuals to be saved and others to be damned?” His question arises from a very different problem: If Israel is God's chosen people, why have so many Israelites rejected their Messiah? Has God's promise failed? Paul states the problem in Romans 9:6: “But it is not as though the word of God has failed.” Everything that follows through chapters 9–11 is Paul's answer. 1. “Not all Israel is Israel” means physical descent never guaranteed salvation Paul immediately distinguishes national election from participation in the saving people of God. Abraham had ...